内容提要
上世纪五十年代，中国提倡现实主义的创作方向，苏联的艺术成为一代人的圣典。而今的中国正以广阔的胸怀包容人类一切优秀的文化，我们的眼界越来越开阔，欧美的许多现当代艺术都在我们年轻一代的艺术家的实践中得以显现。然而对于前苏联的艺术却又走向了另一极端，似乎不屑一顾，现实主义好象已经过时，没有意义了。
其实，随着现当代艺术的流行，对于前苏联与俄罗斯的现实主义艺术，人们从另一个视点发现了其非凡的意义与价值。而与其一脉相承的俄罗斯当代绘画，更呈现出丰富多彩的别样图式来。这次在我馆展出的这些俄罗斯作品可以清晰地看到这样的传承与革新。这些艺术家都工作和学习于著名的列宾美术学院，对于人类美的向往讴歌是他们共同的追求，热衷于略有叙事性主题绘画的创作又是他们的强项。随着苏联的解体，欧美的艺术思潮不可避免地影响着当代的艺术家，与其说是影响还不如说是复苏。在19世纪末20世纪初，俄罗斯的一些年轻艺术家对于巡回展览画派的绘画题材与创作观念已经不再崇尚。欧洲的艺术中心巴黎的现代主义思潮不可避免地影响着俄罗斯。以《艺术杂志》为中心集聚了一批艺术家，尽管艺术观点不尽相同，但对于当时俄罗斯艺术状况的不满足是他们的共同点。于是在十月革命前,俄国的画坛异常活跃，巴黎的各种流派在此都有回应。抽象绘画的创始人康定斯基、马列维奇，表现主义的夏加尔都来自于当时的俄罗斯或苏联。马列维奇更是一直生活供职于苏联。由于30年代苏联的社会主义写实主义还未壮大，马列维奇还一直受到苏联政府的礼遇，他发现的新原始主义、至上主义都比当今俄罗斯的一些艺术家走得更远。从此种意义上来说，称当下这些艺术家的艺术探索为思想的复苏实不为过。更值得我们关注或敬仰的是马列维奇在呼吁激进的同时也非常关注俄罗斯民族的艺术，他声称：“我们的新建筑师，将是那些能抛开希腊及罗马，而以新建筑语言表现的人。”他说，“我们必须将希腊的残留物送进火葬场，激励人们走向新时代”。而后苏联经过了几十年的文化禁锢，他们的这一支歌颂人类自由情感的花朵萎缩了。尽管也有像前苏联画家娅勃隆斯卡娅的吸收民间艺术，60年代的装饰风的油画，但毕竟未能成为洪流。而今随着俄罗斯的经济、政治体制改革，他们的艺术也逐渐开放，从这本画集中可见一斑。
在尤里·戈留塔的画中笔致变得非常的轻快、生动。那种洒脱、随性似乎在同时代的画家中较少见到。在《理发》此画中构图也不再那么地刻意设计，而是天然去雕饰，背景又受西方拼贴画的影响随意写下了一组图画，有一种欲冲破此情此景客观空间的意图，尽管图式还不够自然，但却也有新意。亚历山大·巴戈香似乎更多地作一些肖像式的创作，《夜晚》中的男孩，《拿苹果的姑娘》中少女有来自于古典油画的静穆与典雅，色调凝重，然后恍惚的光感却又与古典绘画有点游离。对衣褶的既写实又带有规整化的处理，及面部、四肢的光影设计，使得画面带装饰感，可是又保持着绘画性的品格。亚历山大·谢而盖维奇的《鱼汛》同属写实的画风，然而又是一种神奇的幻境，水中的鱼与船中的人所处的空间界于“似与不似”之间，那种超现实的表现创造了一种梦幻般的氛围。当然由于他们都受教于这个学院，又工作于这个学院，这种学院派艺术的印记是显而易见的。
在当代艺术越来越流行、红火的当今，这个展览或许能给我们带来一些更多的思索，关于架上艺术的忧虑，关于当代艺术的真正含义，关于学院派的得失等等，因为过去相同的崎岖之途，给我们留下了许多相同的记忆。 这本画集的出版或许能让我们领悟一些我们曾经或者正在发生的种种疑问。这正是这个展览在当今的意义。
张培成 2007年8月
参考书目:《世界名画家全集·马列维奇》，河北教育出版社
China in the 1950‘s, with its strong orientation towards Realism, established Soviet art as a classic for a whole generation. Nowadays, China is embracing the outstanding cultures from every nation, and with a much broader vision. Much Euro-American contemporary art is reappearing in the art practices of our young generation as well. Meanwhile the attitude towards Soviet art is moving towards the other extreme. People express disdain for Soviet art. It seems that Realism is out of date and no longer meaningful.
In fact, with the popularity of contemporary art the significance and value of Soviet and Russian Realism are being taken into consideration. What’s more, the contemporary Russian painting which has its origin in Realism presents diversified forms and styles. The exhibit gives us a glimpse of how inheritance and innovation exist in Russian paintings today. These artists all worked and studied in the famous Repin Academy of Fine Art. They have the same goal of singing praise of the beauty of humanity, and they are deeply interested in narrative subject painting. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, ideas from Euro-America inevitably influenced contemporary Russian artists. However, contemporary Russian art seems to be more of a revival of early Russian modernism than the simple adoption of Euro-American ideas. At the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, the themes and concepts represented in “The Wanderers” was no longer openly advocated by Russian young artists. The modernist styles from Paris, then the centre of European art, unavoidably influenced Russia. A group of artists gathered around the association “Art Magazine”, although their artistic opinions were not entirely the same. They had one thing in common however, they were all not satisfied with the condition of art in Russia at that time. The result was that art circles in Russia were very lively before Russian Cultural Revolution; all kinds of art schools from Paris had received replies. Notable figures include W.Kandinsky and K.C.Malevich, the founders of abstract art, and the expressionist Marc Chagall, all of whom were born in Russia. K.C. Malevich both lived and worked in the Soviet Union. Malevich was encouraged by the Soviet government in 1930’s before soviet politics demanded Socialist Realism from its artists. His contributions to the “New-Primitivism” and “Suprematism” movements still excel beyond the thoughts of some contemporary artists in Russia. As far as I’m concerned, the efforts by contemporary Russian artists are something of a revival of early Russian modernism .We should have a great deal of respect for Malevich’s position on art. On the one side, he appealed for radical change, yet on other, he was also strongly concerned about Russian national art. He claimed that new architects could put aside Rome and Greece and express themselves with new languages of architecture. He said that we had to throw the remains of Greece into cremation so that we could encourage our people to move into a new era. However the Soviet Union underwent a shackling of its culture over several decades, and with its rise, the flower symbolizing free human expression withered. Besides, painter Tetyana Yablonska absorbed folk art in her works, decorative oil painting styles were also popular in the 1960’s, but these rarely entered mainstream Russian arts. Today, by the innovation of politics and government in Russia, Russian art is wide open for exploration and we have recorded these changes in the book.
The painting style of Yuriy Goryuta has become very brisk and vivid. Such freedom and ease is seldom seen in the contemporary work of other artists. In the painting "Haircutting", the composition is no longer rigidly constructed, but has become more organically arranged instead. The background, a group of pictures placed randomly, is strongly impacted by western collage techniques, and shows a strong intention of breaking the objective space. The painter Alexander Bogosian seems to be more interested in portraits. The boy in the painting titled “Nights” and the maiden in “Girl Holding Apple” both remind us of the quiet and grace found in classical paintings. In contrast to the thicker tone of classical paintings, a dim light in the paintings have made a difference. The realistic technique applied to the creases in the clothes and the lighting of the face and four limbs not only produced decorative effects but also kept the artistic quality which exists in the painting. Likewise, the painting “Fishing Season” by Alexander Sergeevich belongs to the realistic painting style, but it creates a wonderland as well. The fish and the person are in a space between the “realistic and the unrealistic”. This super-realistic expression creates a dreamlike atmosphere. However it’s obvious that academic study and work has left its mark on these artists.
The contemporary art of today is getting more and more popular and prosperous. The exhibit will return to its consideration of the anxiety concerning the easel painting, the true sense of contemporary art, the advantages and disadvantages of the academic school, etc. Because we have travelled the same rugged path, we share the same memories.
References: The Collected Works by the World Famous Artists: K.C. Malevich , Hebei Education Publishing House
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